Influence of Estrogen on the NSCLC Microenvironment: A Comprehensive Picture and Clinical Implications

Frontiers in Oncology
Tanner SmidaLaura P Stabile

Abstract

Lung cancer mortality represents the leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States and worldwide. Almost half of these deaths occur in female patients, making lung cancer the most common cause of cancer mortality in women with a higher annual mortality rate than breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers combined. The distinct epidemiological, histological and biological presentation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in women combined with extensive preclinical data have demonstrated that the female sex hormone β-estradiol (E2) plays an important role in NSCLC tumorigenesis, prognosis, and treatment response. Estrogen receptors are widely expressed on stromal and immune cells, and estrogen-linked signaling pathways are known to be involved in regulating the response of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Immune evasion has been recognized as a "hallmark" of cancer and immunotherapy has re-defined standard of care treatment for NSCLC. Despite these advancements, the low response rates observed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors has led to a search for mediators of immunosuppression and ways to augment the action of these agents. We focus on emerging data describing sex differences that modu...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 13, 2020·Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs·Si-Yang Liu, Yi-Long Wu
Jan 21, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Claudia MusialMagdalena Gorska-Ponikowska
Jun 4, 2021·Experimental Biology and Medicine·Nathalie FuentesPatricia Silveyra
Jul 30, 2021·Frontiers in Oncology·Yu-Ting ShenZheng-Sheng Wu
Jul 27, 2021·Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer·Sonia A PatelJohn V Heymach

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
xenograft
hormone replacement therapy
transgenic
xenografts

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT00100854
NCT02666105
NCT01664754
NCT02997995
NCT02778685
NCT03280563
NCT02990845
NCT02971748
NCT02648477
NCT02971761

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