Influenza Virus: A Master Tactician in Innate Immune Evasion and Novel Therapeutic Interventions

Frontiers in Immunology
Alan Chen-Yu Hsu

Abstract

Influenza is a contagion that has plagued mankind for many decades, and continues to pose concerns every year, with millions of infections globally. The frequent mutations and recombination of the influenza A virus (IAV) cast a looming threat that antigenically novel strains/subtypes will rise with unpredictable pathogenicity and fear of it evolving into a pandemic strain. There have been four major influenza pandemics, since the beginning of twentieth century, with the great 1918 pandemic being the most severe, killing more than 50 million people worldwide. The mechanisms of IAV infection, host immune responses, and how viruses evade from such defensive responses at the molecular and structural levels have been greatly investigated in the past 30 years. While this has advanced our understanding of virus-host interactions and human immunology, and has led to the development of several antiviral drugs, they have minimal impact on the clinical outcomes of infection. The heavy use of these drugs has also imposed selective pressure on IAV to evolve and develop resistance. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of public health efforts to protect against influenza; however, rapid mass-production of sufficient vaccines is unlikely to oc...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 1, 2019·Viruses·Pilar Blanco-LoboLuis Martínez-Sobrido
Jan 9, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·David J MorganTracy Hussell
Nov 27, 2018·Respirology : Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology·Kerry-Ann F O'GradyKeith Grimwood
Nov 13, 2020·EMBO Reports·Inês Boal-CarvalhoMirco Schmolke
Feb 2, 2021·PLoS Computational Biology·Rustom AntiaJames J Bull
Apr 8, 2021·Nature Reviews. Microbiology·Tim FlerlageStacey Schultz-Cherry
May 1, 2021·Viruses·Aitor NogalesLuis Martinez-Sobrido
Oct 9, 2021·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology·Matthew CharmanChris Boutell

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
ubiquitination

Software Mentioned

MODEL
Chimera
UCSF
SWISS

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