Initial stages of calcium uptake and mineral deposition in sea urchin embryos

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Netta VidavskyLia Addadi

Abstract

Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. We reconstructed various stages of the formation pathway of calcium carbonate from calcium ions in sea water to mineral deposition and integration into the forming spicules. Monitoring calcium uptake with the fluorescent dye calcein shows that calcium ions first penetrate the embryo and later are deposited intracellularly. Surprisingly, calcium carbonate deposits are distributed widely all over the embryo, including in the primary mesenchyme cells and in the surface epithelial cells. Using cryo-SEM, we show that the intracellular calcium carbonate deposits are contained in vesicles of diameter 0.5-1.5 μm. Using the newly developed airSEM, which allows direct correlation between fluorescence and energy dispersive spectroscopy, we confirmed the presence of solid calcium carbonate in the vesicles. This mineral phase appears as aggregates of 20-30-nm nanospheres, consistent with amorphous calcium carbonate. The aggregates finally are introduced into the spicule compartment, where they integrate into the growing spicule.

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Citations

Sep 26, 2015·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Ross T DeVolPupa U P A Gilbert
Oct 4, 2015·Journal of Structural Biology·Netta VidavskyLia Addadi
Nov 10, 2015·Journal of Structural Biology·Irene Y T Chang, Derk Joester
Oct 13, 2015·Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada·Irene Y T Chang, Derk Joester
Aug 19, 2015·Developmental Biology·Daphne SchatzbergCynthia A Bradham
Apr 3, 2016·Journal of Structural Biology·Ashit Rao, Helmut Cölfen
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