Abstract
Aero-allergens, including plant pollens, house dust mite particles, fungal spores, and mycelium fragments, are continuously inhaled and deposited on the airway mucosa. These particles and their soluble components actively interact with innate recognition systems present in the mucosal layer (e.g., surfactant proteins) and with various receptors present on a diversity of cells in the airways. Deposited particles are first removed by active transportation, the rate of which is either enhanced or inhibited by components present in the inhaled substances. Cleaning further depends on innate recognition, beginning with (a) soluble factors released into the mucosal surface layer that bind different bio-organic components; (b) innate receptors on phagocytic cells, alveolar macrophages, and dendritic monocytes; and (c) innate receptors on airway epithelial cells. Different innate receptor families (Toll-like receptors [TLRs], nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors, and protein-activated receptors [PARs]) have been demonstrated on airway cells, including alveolar macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and airway tissue cells (e.g., epithelial cells and mast cells). However, although the functional role of these receptors h...Continue Reading
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