Insensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of activin A: an acquired capability in prostate cancer progression

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
Edward Ottley, Elspeth Gold

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa), the most common non-skin cancer in men, is a worldwide health concern. Treatment options for aggressive PCa are limited to androgen deprivation therapies (ADT), which are ineffective, with robust diagnostic options also being limited. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, for instance, is subject to high levels of false positive results and cannot distinguish between cancer confined to the prostate and aggressive metastatic cancer. As such, additional therapeutic and diagnostic options are urgently required. In recent years, a clear association between activins and prostate cancer has become evident. Activins are members of the TGF-β superfamily and are responsible for a plethora of physiological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune surveillance, embryonic development, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation. Activin A normally inhibits cancer development and progression, however, cancer cell growth in high-grade PCa is not inhibited by this protein. The mechanism for this apparent acquired capability to resist activin A-mediated growth inhibition is currently not well understood. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyse the role of activin A in PCa progression and to...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 6, 2014·Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology·Edward Ottley, Elspeth Gold
Jan 31, 2015·Molecular Medicine Reports·Jianwei ZhuXiancheng Liu
Mar 29, 2016·The Prostate·Edward Christopher OttleyElspeth Joan Gold
Aug 19, 2015·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology·Karen L Reader, Elspeth Gold
Jan 25, 2017·Hormones & Cancer·Edward C OttleyElspeth Gold

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