Abstract
The thermal effects of wing color in flight is investigated in four species of birds with respect to their flight routes, migration time, and geometric and behavioral characteristics. Considering the marine and atmospheric characteristics of these flight routes, a thermal analysis of the birds' wings is performed during their migration. The surrounding fluxes including the ocean flux and the solar irradiance are considered in an energy balance in order to determine the skin temperature of both sides of the wing. Applying the Blasius solution for heated boundary layers, it is shown that the color configuration of these migrating birds, namely black on the top side of the wings and white on the bottom side of the wings ("countershading"), results in a skin drag reduction, if compared to some other configurations, when both day and night are taken into consideration. This drag reduction can be considered as one of the effective factors for long endurance of these migrating birds. This research can provide the evolutionary perspective behind the colorization of these migrating birds.
Citations
Jul 25, 2019·Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·Svana RogallaMatthew D Shawkey
Jul 8, 2021·Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·Svana RogallaMatthew D Shawkey
Oct 2, 2021·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Dongliang FanYaosheng Zhang
Jul 28, 2021··Mostafa Hassanalian, Grace Tenorio
Jun 24, 2018··Samah Ben AyedMostafa Hassanalian
Jun 24, 2018··Mohamed AliAbdessattar Abdelkefi
Jun 15, 2019··Mehdi MirzaeiniaKooktae Lee
Jun 15, 2019··Sayavur BakhtiyarovNathan Guido
Aug 16, 2019··Quincy A. BradfieldMehdi Mirzaeinia
Jun 15, 2019··Mostafa HassanalianJesse Goerlich
Aug 16, 2019··Quincy A. BradfieldAmir Mirzaeinia
Aug 16, 2019··Amir MirzaeiniaMostafa Hassanalian
Jun 8, 2020··Mostafa HassanalianSavannah Bradley
Jun 8, 2020··Niyem BawanaZachary Rubin
Jan 5, 2020··Mehdi MirzaeiniaAmir Mirzaeinia
Aug 16, 2019··Mostafa HassanalianAhmad Sedaghat
Jan 5, 2020··Micaela OlivasMostafa Hassanalian
Jan 5, 2020··Pedram RoghanchiAustin Maxwell
Aug 17, 2020··Brenden HerkenhoffJarod Fisher
Aug 17, 2020··Anna ZagraiMostafa Hassanalian
Jan 5, 2021··Zachary RubinAhmed Aboelezz
Jan 5, 2021··Humberto III SilvaMostafa Hassanalian
Jan 5, 2021··Ahmed AboelezzBrenden Herkenhoff