Interactions between host sex and age of exposure modify the virulence-transmission trade-off

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Stephen A Y Gipson, Matthew D Hall

Abstract

The patterns of immunity conferred by host sex or age represent two sources of host heterogeneity that can potentially shape the evolutionary trajectory of disease. With each host sex or age encountered, a pathogen's optimal exploitative strategy may change, leading to considerable variation in expression of pathogen transmission and virulence. To date, these host characteristics have been studied in the context of host fitness alone, overlooking the effects of host sex and age on the fundamental virulence-transmission trade-off faced by pathogens. Here, we explicitly address the interaction of these characteristics and find that host sex and age at exposure to a pathogen affect age-specific patterns of mortality and the balance between pathogen transmission and virulence. When infecting age-structured male and female Daphnia magna with different genotypes of Pasteuria ramosa, we found that infection increased mortality rates across all age classes for females, whereas mortality only increased in the earliest age class for males. Female hosts allowed a variety of trade-offs between transmission and virulence to arise with each age and pathogen genotype. In contrast, this variation was dampened in males, with pathogens exhibitin...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 20, 2019·Biology Letters·Louise Solveig NørgaardMatthew D Hall
Jun 9, 2020·Journal of Evolutionary Biology·Tobias E HectorMatthew D Hall
Jul 21, 2020·The Journal of Animal Ecology·Giacomo Zilio, Jacob C Koella
Jul 30, 2020·Ecology and Evolution·Nicolette ZukowskiMartin Krkošek
May 22, 2019·Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution·Stephen A Y GipsonMatthew D Hall
Aug 29, 2018·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Matthew D Hall, Nicole Mideo
Feb 23, 2020·Frontiers in Immunology·Rebecca L BelmonteJennifer C Regan
Dec 12, 2020·Ecology and Evolution·Tess LaidlawMatthew D Hall
Apr 30, 2021·Journal of Theoretical Biology·Jonathan I D Hamley, Jacob C Koella
Jun 26, 2021·Global Change Biology·Tobias E HectorMatthew D Hall

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