Interactive regulation of postmenopausal growth hormone insulin-like growth factor axis by estrogen and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2

Endocrine
Johannes D VeldhuisS Anderson

Abstract

Estrogen is the proximate sex steroid sustaining GH secretion throughout the human life span in both sexes. However, very little is known about the specific neuroendocrine mechanisms by which estrogen activates and maintains GH secretion in the young or aging human. The identification of somatostatin in 1973 as a key negative peptidyl regulator of the GH axis and the discovery of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) in 1982 as a dominant feedforward agonist of GH secretion provided an initial basic science foundation for exploring sex-steroid control of the GH-IGF-1 axis. Although GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) were first recognized in 1977-1981, subsequent cloning of hypothalamopituitary receptors transducing potent secretagogue actions of GHRPs in 1996 and of an endogenous ligand for this effector pathway in 1999 now extend the framework for examining the mechanisms of estrogen-driven GH secretion in aging. Herein, we review several novel and multifaceted interactions in postmenopausal women between estrogen and GHRP-2. We combine these observations into a simplified construct of GH-axis neuroregulation comprising the somatostatin, GHRH, and GHRP effector pathways, as well as GH and IGF-1 autofeedback. We suggest the thesis that estrog...Continue Reading

Citations

Oct 8, 2005·Angiogenesis·Charlotta Dabrosin
Aug 12, 2003·Breast Cancer Research and Treatment·Charlotta Dabrosin
Nov 14, 2002·Drugs & Aging·Hosam K KamelEdmund H Duthie
Nov 29, 2005·Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America·Johannes D VeldhuisCyril Y Bowers
May 24, 2007·ChemMedChem·Aline MoulinJean-Alain Fehrentz
Oct 10, 2002·British Journal of Cancer·N F BoydS Minkin
Jun 8, 2004·Endocrine Reviews·Aart J van der LelyEzio Ghigo
Jul 5, 2003·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation·R CozziR Attanasio
Jun 24, 2004·Journal of Aging and Physical Activity·Jennifer L CopelandMark S Tremblay
Feb 18, 2004·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation·J D Veldhuis, C Y Bowers

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