Abstract
Prolonged seizure activity in a child is a frightening experience for families as well as care providers. Because duration of seizure activity impacts morbidity and mortality, effective methods for seizure control should be instituted as soon as possible, preferably at home. Unfortunately, parenteral methods of medication delivery are not available to most caregivers and rectal diazepam, the most commonly used home therapy, is expensive and often ineffective. This brief review article examines recent research suggesting that there is a better way to treat pediatric seizures in situations where no intravenous access is immediately available. Intranasal midazolam, which delivers antiepileptic medication directly to the blood and cerebrospinal fluid via the nasal mucosa, is safe, inexpensive, easy to learn by parents and paramedics, and provides better seizure control than rectal diazepam.
References
Mar 1, 1992·Epilepsia·C RemyP Genton
Sep 1, 1988·American Journal of Diseases of Children·J Y Yager, S S Seshia
Mar 1, 1982·British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·S DhillonA Richens
Jun 1, 1993·British Journal of Anaesthesia·J M MalinovskyM Pinaud
May 1, 1996·Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthésie·O R HungD R Stanski
Apr 1, 1996·Neurology·R J DeLorenzoD Ko
Jul 27, 1999·Epilepsia·D H Lowenstein
Sep 17, 1999·Journal of Child Neurology·D L GilbertT A Glauser
Jul 7, 2000·BMJ : British Medical Journal·E LahatM Berkovitch
Sep 14, 2000·Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association·M ScheepersM Ibitoye
Oct 24, 2000·Brain & Development·N O KutluY Durmaz
Feb 24, 2001·Journal of Child Neurology·T FişginD Akgün
Nov 8, 2001·Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·D P WermelingA C Rudy
Apr 16, 2002·Journal of Child Neurology·Tunç FişginDeniz Akgün
May 8, 2002·British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·P D KnoesterG J de Haan
Jul 26, 2002·Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica·O DaleE D Kharasch
Jan 8, 2004·Archives of Disease in Childhood·M T WilsonM E O'Regan
May 5, 2004·Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B·T Mahmoudian, M Mohammadi Zadeh
Sep 16, 2004·Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health·M G HarbordK P Coulthard
Jun 22, 2005·Current Treatment Options in Neurology·Trudy Pang, Lawrence J Hirsch
Citations
Nov 9, 2012·Pharmaceutical Research·Colin D ChapmanChristian Benedict
Apr 1, 2009·Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics·Daniel P Wermeling
Jan 26, 2008·The Neurologist·Juan José García PeñasJavier Salas Puig
Mar 28, 2008·Southern Medical Journal·Joseph D Tobias, John W Berkenbosch
Mar 28, 2008·Epilepsia·Marion CzappHeidrun Potschka
Aug 5, 2010·AAPS PharmSciTech·Shyamoshree Basu, Amal Kumar Bandyopadhyay
Dec 18, 2013·Early Human Development·Julien BaleineGilles Cambonie
Feb 19, 2016·Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·Janet HardySimon Allan
Jul 21, 2009·Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology·Ralph ClinckersOscar Della Pasqua
Aug 7, 2013·Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America·Maneesha Agarwal, Sean M Fox
Jan 3, 2012·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews·Heidrun Potschka
Apr 7, 2009·Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography·Judith P Lazol, Curt G DeGroff
Feb 25, 2009·Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B·Susanne KnakeFelix Rosenow
Dec 3, 2008·Epilepsy Research·Daniel P WermelingAnita C Rudy
Oct 24, 2007·Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America·Michelle D Blumstein, Marla J Friedman
Jun 26, 2008·Pharmacotherapy·Jodi L MillerDaniel P Wermeling
Dec 5, 2008·Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology·John H McDonoughTsung-Ming Shih
Oct 16, 2016·Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America·Danya Khoujah, Michael K Abraham
Sep 8, 2016·The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses·Daniel Crawford
Jun 20, 2017·Emergency Medicine Australasia : EMA·Jeremy FurykFranz E Babl
Jan 6, 2018·Journal of Palliative Medicine·Samuel J PernaErin R Currie
Jan 1, 2012·Clinical Medicine Insights. Pediatrics·Ayşe UlgeyCihangir Bicer
May 2, 2015·Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal·Rachel Rogalski, Andrew Rogalski
Mar 28, 2020·Palliative Care and Social Practice·Eric Prommer
Jul 22, 2014·The Journal of Organic Chemistry·Tomasz SiodłaTadeusz M Krygowski