PMID: 15239478Jul 9, 2004Paper

Investigation of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus in 136 horses

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Michael P WardPaul W Webb

Abstract

To describe an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus (WNV) in horses in northern Indiana. Case series. 170 horses. Horses with clinical signs suggestive of encephalomyelitis caused by WNV were examined. Date, age, sex, breed, and survival status were recorded. Serum samples were tested for anti-WNV antibodies, and virus isolation was attempted from samples of brain tissue. Climate data from local weather recording stations were collected. An epidemic curve was constructed, and case fatality rate was calculated. The most common clinical signs were ataxia, hind limb paresis, and muscle tremors and fasciculations. Eight horses had been vaccinated against WNV from 2 to 21 days prior to the appearance of clinical signs. West Nile virus was isolated from brain tissue of 2 nonvaccinated horses, and anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 132 nonvaccinated horses; in 2 other nonvaccinated horses, anti-WNV antibodies were detected and WNV was also isolated from brain tissue. Thirty-one (22.8%) horses died or were euthanatized. The peak of the outbreak occurred on September 6, 2002. Ambient temperatures were significantly lower after the peak of the outbreak, compared with prior to the peak. The peak risk period for en...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 14, 2008·Tropical Animal Health and Production·M Ndiva MongohM L Khaitsa
Jul 14, 2005·Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases·Michael P WardKevin Gallo
Sep 22, 2010·Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases·Marietjie Venter, Robert Swanepoel
Mar 4, 2008·American Journal of Veterinary Research·Courtney A WittichRaghavan Srinivasan
Jun 16, 2009·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Marietjie VenterRobert Swanepoel
Aug 2, 2011·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Marietjie VenterFrank Freeman
Oct 8, 2008·Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology·Elizabeth G DavisMelinda Wilkerson
Aug 3, 2006·The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice·Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini, Leanda C Livesey
Apr 22, 2006·The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice·Michael Brashier
Jul 26, 2012·Australian Veterinary Journal·S Y TeeT D Mogg
Oct 23, 2016·Transboundary and Emerging Diseases·I G BouzalasC I Dovas
May 27, 2005·Vaccine·Michel LedizetRaymond A Koski
Aug 23, 2008·Journal of Medical Microbiology·Louis A MagnarelliRaymond A Koski
Mar 23, 2013·International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·Aykut OzkulDurdal Us
Dec 5, 2008·Preventive Veterinary Medicine·Michael P Ward
Aug 23, 2006·Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc·Udeni B R BalasuriyaN James MacLachlan
Nov 18, 2017·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Marietjie VenterJune Williams
May 28, 2013·The Korean Journal of Parasitology·Sang-Rok LeeMin Seo
Mar 20, 2008·Animal Health Research Reviews·Bradley J Blitvich
Sep 19, 2021·Tropical Animal Health and Production·Yakup YıldırımAbdurrahman Anıl Çağırgan

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