Involvement of codeine in drug-related deaths

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
J GerostamoulosO H Drummer

Abstract

The incidence and role of codeine in drug-related deaths in Victoria was investigated over a 5-year period. There were a total of 107 cases involving codeine, representing 8.8% of all drug-related deaths in this period in Victoria. There were only six fatalities in which codeine was considered the major poison. The mean (+/- SD) concentration of codeine in femoral blood was 4.0 +/- 2.3 mg/L (range, 2.1-8.0 mg/L). The mean concentration of free codeine was 1.3 +/- 0.9 mg/L (range, 0.4-2.8 mg/L). The remaining 101 cases involved a combination of codeine and other drugs. The mean total codeine blood concentration was 1.8 +/- 3.3 mg/L (range, 0.04-26 mg/L), which was significantly lower than in those cases where codeine was the major poison (p < 0.002). The mean concentration of free codeine was 0.82 +/- 4.9 mg/L (range, 0.02-9.0 mg/L), which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the six codeine-only cases. The most common drugs found in this group, other than codeine, were acetaminophen (62%), diazepam (46%), salicylate (20%), and ethanol (25%). The association of other psychoactive drugs in these deaths made the contribution of codeine difficult to assess. Free codeine concentrations > 0.4 mg/L and total codeine concent...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 24, 2012·Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology·Dimitri GerostamoulosOlaf H Drummer
Mar 31, 1999·Forensic Science International : Synergy·S Y Abu-al Ragheb, K A Hadidi
May 22, 2013·Addictive Behaviors·Laura E AgnichCatherine D Marcum
Feb 12, 2013·Forensic Science International : Synergy·William P TormeyTara M Moore
Aug 14, 2012·Forensic Science International : Synergy·Margareeta HäkkinenIlkka Ojanperä
Jan 26, 2008·Clinical Therapeutics·Elliot V HershPaul A Moore
Jun 15, 2007·Paediatric Anaesthesia·Polina VoronovNarasimhan Jagannathan
Oct 16, 2010·Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology·A Büttner
Jun 3, 2004·Forensic Science International : Synergy·Olaf H Drummer
Mar 11, 2015·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Kara L LynchAlex H Kral
Oct 5, 2007·Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju·Davorka Sutlović, Marija Definis-Gojanović
Oct 2, 2015·The Medical Journal of Australia·Amanda RoxburghLouisa Degenhardt
Feb 24, 2021·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·Marilia R Sales CadenaJames A Marrs

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