Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Residing in High and Low-Income Countries: Risk Factors, Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
Elpis MantadakisPanagiota Zikidou

Abstract

Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) affects approximately two billion people worldwide, and most of them reside in low- and middle-income countries. In these nations, additional causes of anemia include parasitic infections like malaria, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and lead poisoning. Maternal anemia in resource-poor nations is associated with low birth weight, increased perinatal mortality, and decreased work productivity. Maintaining a normal iron balance in these settings is challenging, as iron-rich foods with good bioavailability are of animal origin and either expensive and/or available in short supply. Apart from infrequent consumption of meat, inadequate vitamin C intake, and diets rich in inhibitors of iron absorption are additional important risk factors for IDA in low-income countries. In-home iron fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders has been shown to effectively reduce the risk of iron deficiency and IDA in infants and young children in developing countries but is associated with unfavorable changes in gut flora and induction of intestinal inflammation that may lead to diarrhea and hospitalization. In developed countries, iron deficie...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 17, 2021·International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition·Oluyimika Y AdetolaJohn R N Taylor
Jul 3, 2021·Public Health Nutrition·Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-AlmeidaJoel Alves Lamounier

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