Is there a link between the extracranial venous system and central nervous system pathology?

BMC Medicine
Robert Zivadinov

Abstract

The extracranial venous system is complex and variable between individuals. Until recently, these variations were acknowledged as developmental variants and were not considered pathological findings. However, in the last decade, the presence and severity of uni- or bi-lateral jugular venous reflux (JVR) was linked to several central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, cough headache, primary exertional headache and, most recently, to Alzheimer's disease. The most recent introduction of a composite criteria-based vascular condition named chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), which was originally linked to multiple sclerosis, increased the interest in better understanding the role of the extracranial venous system in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders. The ultimate cause-consequence relationship between these conditions and CNS disorders has not been firmly established and further research is needed. The purpose of this article collection in BMC Medicine and BMC Neurology is to synthesize current concepts and most recent findings concerning the evaluation, etiology, pathophysiology and clinical relevance of the potential involvement of the extracranial ve...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 24, 2015·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·Francesco SisiniPaolo Zamboni
Jul 30, 2014·Frontiers in Neurology·Tatiana Koudriavtseva
Jun 20, 2017·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·Inge DierickxWilfried Gyselaers
Mar 21, 2017·American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology·Zoltan UngvariCalin I Prodan
Mar 9, 2019·American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology·Gabor A FulopZoltan Ungvari
Nov 11, 2014·Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology·R M LucasJ C van der Leun
Feb 4, 2021·Aging and Disease·Chaobo BaiRan Meng
Nov 12, 2021·GeroScience·Andrea Ágnes MolnárBéla Merkely

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