Killer whale presence drives bowhead whale selection for sea ice in Arctic seascapes of fear

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Cory J D MatthewsSteven H Ferguson

Abstract

The effects of predator intimidation on habitat use and behavior of prey species are rarely quantified for large marine vertebrates over ecologically relevant scales. Using state space movement models followed by a series of step selection functions, we analyzed movement data of concurrently tracked prey, bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus; n = 7), and predator, killer whales (Orcinus orca; n = 3), in a large (63,000 km2), partially ice-covered gulf in the Canadian Arctic. Our analysis revealed pronounced predator-mediated shifts in prey habitat use and behavior over much larger spatiotemporal scales than previously documented in any marine or terrestrial ecosystem. The striking shift from use of open water (predator-free) to dense sea ice and shorelines (predators present) was exhibited gulf-wide by all tracked bowheads during the entire 3-wk period killer whales were present, constituting a nonconsumptive effect (NCE) with unknown energetic or fitness costs. Sea ice is considered quintessential habitat for bowhead whales, and ice-covered areas have frequently been interpreted as preferred bowhead foraging habitat in analyses that have not assessed predator effects. Given the NCEs of apex predators demonstrated here, however, ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 26, 2021·Scientific Reports·Cory J D MatthewsSteven H Ferguson
May 18, 2021·Royal Society Open Science·S J InsleyN Diogou
May 18, 2021·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Megan C SabalEric P Palkovacs

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