PMID: 8586501Jan 1, 1995Paper

Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner

International Ophthalmology
S A al-Hazzaa, P M Krahn

Abstract

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic. It is mainly worn around the eyes in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The elemental composition of twenty-one kohl specimens originating from various parts of Saudi Arabia, India and the Middle East was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The data indicates the presence of significant lead levels in two thirds (14/21) of the kohl specimens ranging from 2.9-100% (mean 48.5%). Other less frequent elements present in kohl preparations include aluminum, carbon, iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, silver silicon, sulfur and antimony. Seven kohl specimens were totally lead-free, four had a lead content in the range of 2.9-34.1% and ten had lead levels in excess of 84%. Carbon levels in excess of 60% were detected in six kohl samples. Antimony was present in only one kohl specimen at a concentration of 7.8%. Five western made eyeliner pencils analyzed for comparative purposes consistently revealed iron as a common constituent (mean 46%) but no lead or carbon were detected in these specimens. The findings of this study indicate that modern kohl preparations contain a number of metals derived from natural sources in addition to carbon. The predominance of lead in th...Continue Reading

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May 15, 2002·Journal of Ethnopharmacology·A D HardyR Vaishnav
Jun 5, 1998·Journal of Ethnopharmacology·A D HardyM A Worthing
Dec 9, 2003·International Journal of Environmental Health Research·Andrew HardyRagini Vaishnav
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