Lack of genetic differentiation between monarch butterflies with divergent migration destinations

Molecular Ecology
Justine I LyonsJacobus C De Roode

Abstract

Monarch butterflies are best known for their spectacular annual migration from eastern North America to Mexico. Monarchs also occur in the North American states west of the Rocky Mountains, from where they fly shorter distances to the California Coast. Whether eastern and western North American monarchs form one genetic population or are genetically differentiated remains hotly debated, and resolution of this debate is essential to understand monarch migration patterns and to protect this iconic insect species. We studied the genetic structure of North American migratory monarch populations, as well as nonmigratory populations in Hawaii and New Zealand. Our results show that eastern and western migratory monarchs form one admixed population and that monarchs from Hawaii and New Zealand have genetically diverged from North American butterflies. These findings suggest that eastern and western monarch butterflies maintain their divergent migrations despite genetic mixing. The finding that eastern and western monarchs form one genetic population also suggests that the conservation of overwintering sites in Mexico is crucial for the protection of monarchs in both eastern and western North America.

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Citations

Nov 8, 2014·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Amanda A PierceJacobus C de Roode
Oct 31, 2012·Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution·Eleanore D SternbergJacobus C de Roode
Sep 25, 2014·The Journal of Animal Ecology·Eleanore D SternbergMark D Hunter
Apr 4, 2015·Die Naturwissenschaften·Jacob R Pecenka, Jonathan G Lundgren
Sep 30, 2018·Molecular Ecology Resources·Tomasz SuchanRoger Vila
Oct 3, 2014·Nature·Shuai ZhanMarcus R Kronforst
Jul 17, 2019·Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America·Elizabeth E CroneCheryl B Schultz
Feb 6, 2020·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Anicee J LombalChristopher P Burridge
Apr 19, 2017·Movement Ecology·D T Tyler FlockhartD Ryan Norris
Nov 4, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Micah G FreedmanSantiago R Ramírez
Dec 10, 2020·Movement Ecology·Boya GaoJason W Chapman
Jan 1, 2018·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Sheela P TurbekRebecca J Safran
Sep 1, 2021·Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution·Andrew J MongueJames R Walters

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