Layers of exercise hyperpnea: modulation and plasticity

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
Gordon S Mitchell, Tony G Babb

Abstract

Despite the fundamental biological significance of the ventilatory response to mild or moderate physical activity (the exercise hyperpnea), we still know remarkably little concerning its underlying mechanisms. Part of the difficulty in revealing those mechanisms may arise due to confusion between multiple mechanistic layers, each contributing to the impressive degree of regulation achieved. The primary, feedforward exercise stimulus or stimuli increase ventilation in approximate proportion to changes in metabolic rate. Chemoreceptor feedback then minimizes deviations from optimal blood gas regulation, most often preventing excessive hypocapnia in non-human mammals. Recent evidence has accumulated, suggesting that adaptive control strategies including modulation and plasticity may adjust the feedforward and/or feedback contributions when blood gas homeostasis proves inadequate. In this review, we present evidence from a goat model of exercise hyperpnea concerning the existence of modulation and plasticity, and specifically mechanisms known as short-term and long-term modulation of the exercise ventilatory response. Throughout the review, we consider available evidence concerning the relevance of these mechanisms to humans. Plast...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 31, 2011·High Altitude Medicine & Biology·Andrea ErmolaoMarco Zaccaria
Feb 19, 2010·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Tony G BabbGordon S Mitchell
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Sep 6, 2011·Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology·Helen E WoodTony G Babb
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