Leaching of contaminated leaves following uptake and phytoremediation of RDX, HMX, and TNT by poplar

International Journal of Phytoremediation
Jong Moon YoonJ L Schnoor

Abstract

The uptake and fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) by hybrid poplars in hydroponic systems were compared and exposed leaves were leached with water to simulate potential exposure pathways from groundwater in the field. TNT was removed from solution more quickly than nitramine explosives. Most of radioactivity remained in root tissues for 14C-TNT, but in leaves for 14C-RDX and 14C-HMX. Radiolabel recovery for TNT and HMX was over 94%, but that of RDX decreased over time, suggesting a loss of volatile products. A considerable fraction (45.5%) of radioactivity taken up by whole plants exposed to 14C-HMX was released into deionized water, mostly as parent compound after 5 d of leaching. About a quarter (24.0%) and 1.2% were leached for RDX and TNT, respectively, mostly as transformed products. Leached radioactivity from roots was insignificant in all cases (< 2%). This is the first report in which small amounts of transformation products of RDX leach from dried leaves following uptake by poplars. Such behavior for HMX was reported earlier and is reconfirmed here. All three compounds differ substantially in their fate and trans...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 31, 2007·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology·Barth F SmetsAbraham Esteve-Nuñez
Apr 14, 2010·Environmental Science & Technology·Benoit Van AkenJerald L Schnoor
Nov 28, 2013·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Bernd SchoenmuthWilfried Pestemer
Mar 13, 2009·Current Opinion in Biotechnology·Benoit Van Aken
Mar 1, 2008·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Kristie D MageeS K Dutta
Jul 28, 2007·Chemosphere·Ying OuyangLihua Cui
Apr 3, 2012·Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B·Bo XieQing Yang
Mar 25, 2008·Environmental Pollution·Sylvie RocheleauGeoffrey I Sunahara
Sep 1, 2012·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering·Adcharee KarnjanapiboonwongJoel G Burken
Jan 1, 2010·Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Reviews·Benoit Van Aken, Sharon Lafferty Doty
Jan 5, 2007·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. a·Jennifer A CiezakRussell J Hemley

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
High Performance Liquid Chromatography

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