Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Simoni TriantafyllidouMarc A Edwards

Abstract

Assessing the health risk from lead (Pb) in potable water requires accurate quantification of the Pb concentration. Under worst-case scenarios of highly contaminated water samples, representative of public health concerns, up to 71-98 % of the total Pb was not quantified if water samples were not mixed thoroughly after standard preservation (i.e., addition of 0.15 % (v/v) HNO(3)). Thorough mixing after standard preservation improved recovery in all samples, but 35-81 % of the total Pb was still un-quantified in some samples. Transfer of samples from one bottle to another also created high errors (40-100 % of the total Pb was un-quantified in transferred samples). Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency's standard protocol avoids most of these errors, certain methods considered EPA-equivalent allow these errors for regulatory compliance sampling. Moreover, routine monitoring for assessment of human Pb exposure in the USA has no standardized protocols for water sample handling and pre-treatment. Overall, while there is no reason to believe that sample handling and pre-treatment dramatically skew regulatory compliance with the US Pb action level, slight variations from one approved protocol to another may cause ...Continue Reading

References

May 24, 2007·Environmental Health Perspectives·Tee L GuidottiLisa Ragain
Oct 23, 2008·Environmental Health Perspectives·Ronnie LevinThomas Sinks
Apr 9, 2009·Environmental Science & Technology·Marc EdwardsDana Best
Apr 17, 2009·Environmental Science & Technology·Yan ZhangMarc Edwards
Jun 16, 2010·Water Research·Elise DeshommesMichèle Prévost
Aug 27, 2010·Environmental Science & Technology·Caroline K NguyenMarc A Edwards
Jul 1, 1990·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·M R Schock

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Citations

Feb 22, 2016·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Sheldon MastersMarc A Edwards
Oct 2, 2015·Environmental Science & Technology·Kelsey J PieperMarc Edwards
Feb 26, 2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Brian GulsonAnthony Bradshaw
May 2, 2016·Water Research·Elise DeshommesMichèle Prévost
Sep 1, 2015·Journal of Water and Health·Kelsey J PieperMarc Edwards
Jan 12, 2021·Environmental Science & Technology·Rebecca KrissMarc A Edwards
Nov 3, 2020·Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology·Evelyne DoréSimoni Triantafyllidou
Aug 10, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Elise DeshommesMichèle Prévost

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