Levels of caffeine and its metabolites among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
Ram B Jain

Abstract

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2009-2010 were used to estimate the levels of caffeine and 14 of its metabolite among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers after adjustments were made for other factors that affect observed caffeine levels. In this study, when adjusted for daily caffeine intake, adjusted levels (AGM) of caffeine and its metabolites were not found to be statistically significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. AGMs for caffeine and all of its metabolites were found to be statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) among females aged ≥ 12 years than males. For caffeine, 1,3-dimethylxanthine, and 1,7-dimethylxanthine, those aged ≥ 20 years had statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) AGM than those aged 12-19 years but the reverse was true for 7-methylxanthine and 3,7-dimethylxanthine (p ≤ 0.02). The order of the AGMs by race/ethnicity was non-Hispanic whites > Hispanics > non-Hispanic blacks and most of the differences were statistically significant, at least between non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks (p < 0.01). In general, there was a statistically significant positive association between the levels of caffeine and its metabolites and body mass index as ...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1988·Hepatology : Official Journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases·R JoeresE Richter
May 1, 1983·Annals of Internal Medicine·P W Curatolo, D Robertson
Jul 1, 1993·Annals of Epidemiology·A L KlatskyG D Friedman
Mar 11, 1996·Archives of Internal Medicine·I KawachiF E Speizer
Mar 1, 1996·General Pharmacology·J O Miners, D J Birkett
May 20, 2000·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·G W RossL R White
Jul 25, 2000·Hypertension·T R HartleyW R Lovallo
Feb 24, 2001·American Journal of Epidemiology·S H JeeM J Klag
Mar 19, 2002·Annals of Epidemiology·Silvano GallusCarlo La Vecchia
Nov 16, 2002·Lancet·Rob M van Dam, Edith J M Feskens
Mar 12, 2003·Neurology·A AscherioF E Speizer
Dec 23, 2003·Journal of Internal Medicine·A RosengrenS Johansson
Jan 7, 2004·Annals of Internal Medicine·Eduardo Salazar-MartinezFrank B Hu
Mar 11, 2004·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Jaakko TuomilehtoPekka Jousilahti
Nov 3, 2004·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Charalambos VlachopoulosChristodoulos Stefanadis
Feb 17, 2005·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·Karin B MichelsEdward Giovannucci
Mar 2, 2006·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Jane V Higdon, Balz Frei
Sep 17, 2011·American Journal of Epidemiology·Susanna C Larsson, Nicola Orsini
Sep 29, 2011·Archives of Internal Medicine·Michel LucasAlberto Ascherio
Nov 8, 2011·The Permanente Journal·Arthur L KlatskyCynthia Morton
Mar 31, 2012·Nutrition Reviews·Fausta Natella, Cristina Scaccini
May 26, 2012·Food & Function·Paola VitaglioneNicoletta Pellegrini
Nov 16, 2012·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition·Shilpa N BhupathirajuFrank B Hu
Jan 22, 2013·Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association·N Whitehead, H White
Mar 8, 2013·Maturitas·A Cano-MarquinaA Cano
Jun 14, 2014·CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets·Adriana Cardoso SilvaAntonio Egidio Nardi
Oct 17, 2014·Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition·Katsuhisa OmagariYoshiyuki Miyahara

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly due to stroke and thromboembolism. Here is the latest research.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias are abnormalities in heart rhythms, which can be either too fast or too slow. They can result from abnormalities of the initiation of an impulse or impulse conduction or a combination of both. Here is the latest research on arrhythmias.