PMID: 8615373May 1, 1996Paper

Limits of metabolic tolerance to copper and biological basis for present recommendations and regulations

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
M Olivares, R Uauy

Abstract

Acute copper toxicity is infrequent in humans. The evidence for chronic toxicity is derived principally from patients with Wilson disease and cases of infantile cirrhosis that were related to excessive copper intakes. The evaluation of the safety of a nutrient requires toxicologic studies to determine the limits of safe exposure. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is calculated by determining the highest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). When it is not possible to identify the NOAEL, the lowest observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) may be used. For the calculation of human ADI, the NOAEL or LOAEL obtained is divided by an arbitrary safety factor to provide an adequate margin of security. Drinking water standards have been adopted by the United States, the European Community, the World Health Organization, and other countries. The upper limits of copper concentration in water are based on organoleptic considerations and on debatable toxicity information. Given the importance of copper as an essential mineral for human health, it is conceivable that this and other essential minerals with health significance should be approached differently from nonessential minerals.

Citations

Jun 26, 1999·Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology·D G Barceloux
Dec 1, 2006·Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine·Daphne M Y CheahKatrina J Allen
Apr 25, 2007·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews·Bonnie Ransom SternTom Starr
Dec 22, 1999·The American Journal of Physiology·S FerruzzaY Sambuy
Nov 22, 2017·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Adnan M MassadehSameh Kharibeh
May 30, 2003·Hepatology : Official Journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases·Ting Y Tao, Jonathan D Gitlin
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Aug 31, 1999·The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society·M L Failla
Aug 15, 2000·Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition·M OlivaresR Uauy
Feb 5, 2021·Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association·Sharon A CenterCynthia R L Webster
Apr 4, 2021·Diagnostics·Ghofraan Abdulsalam AtallahNirmala Chandralega Kampan
Feb 24, 2011·Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)·Daniel López de RomañaMagdalena Araya

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