Abstract
Children exposed in utero to cocaine are at risk for long-term neurobehavioral damage not just because of the drug itself, but also because of clustering of other health determinants, including low socioeconomic status, low maternal education, and maternal addiction, to mention a few. One methodologic approach to separate the direct neurotoxic effects of cocaine from these synergistic insults is to follow up a cohort of children exposed in utero to cocaine and given up for adoption to middle-upper class families. The Toronto Adoption Study, supported by Health Canada, has proven the direct neurotoxic effects of cocaine on IQ and language. These effects are mild to moderate as compared to those measured in children exposed in utero to cocaine and reared by their natural mothers.
References
Jan 1, 1992·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·C D ColesA Falek
Aug 6, 1992·The New England Journal of Medicine·J J Volpe
Oct 1, 1991·The Journal of Pediatrics·L T SingerR Kliegman
Aug 1, 1988·The Journal of Pediatrics·T M DoberczakS R Kandall
Jan 1, 1987·The Journal of Pediatrics·N BingolD S Gromisch
Mar 1, 1986·The Journal of Pediatrics·I J ChasnoffC M Stack
Sep 12, 1985·The New England Journal of Medicine·I J ChasnoffK A Burns
Aug 1, 1982·Teratology·A G Fantel, B J Macphail
Jul 1, 1995·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·J HowardR Tyler
Jan 1, 1995·Journal of Addictive Diseases·T K KilleenA Thevos
Jun 1, 1995·Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine·D HofkoshS C Hamel
Sep 1, 1994·Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine·L SingerR Kliegman
Nov 1, 1993·Reproductive Toxicology·R FormanG Koren
Aug 1, 1995·Seminars in Perinatology·C ChazotteM C Freda
Jan 1, 1996·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs·K IngersollD Haller
Jul 1, 1996·Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology·N KistinC Ferre
Aug 1, 1996·The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse·M BenderskyM Lewis
Oct 1, 1996·The Journal of Pediatrics·S W JacobsonL M Chiodo
Nov 1, 1996·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·G A RichardsonN L Day
Feb 1, 1997·The Journal of Pediatrics·H HurtJ Giannetta
Jan 1, 1997·Substance Use & Misuse·S A Ball, R S Schottenfeld
Citations
Sep 18, 2002·Developmental Neuropsychology·Nicholas BlanchetteStanley Read
Oct 28, 2003·Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP·Linda C MayesHeping Zhang
Feb 28, 2006·The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB·Denise M Dudzinski
Apr 5, 2002·The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing·D F Askin, B Diehl-Jones
Mar 9, 2004·Substance Use & Misuse·Emmalee S BandstraJames C Anthony
Jul 7, 2007·The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse·Joe WestermeyerGihyun Yoon
Sep 5, 2001·American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council·Toosje Thyssen Van BeverenMelanie J. Spence
Feb 14, 2003·Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP·Connie E MorrowMary B Reyes
Nov 24, 1999·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·J R HeldC Dorman
Sep 15, 2000·Brain Research·A VicenticG Battaglia
Jun 28, 2000·Brain Research·T M Cabrera-VeraG Battaglia
Dec 11, 2003·Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America·Shelly F GreenfieldJessica E Nargiso