Longitudinal Developmental Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury in Young Children: Are Infants More Vulnerable Than Toddlers?

Journal of Neurotrauma
Heather T KeenanLinda Ewing-Cobbs

Abstract

Children under 4 years of age have the highest incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among the non-elderly and may be at high risk of poor developmental outcomes. We prospectively enrolled a cohort of children injured before 31 months old with TBI or orthopedic injury (OI), from 2013 to 2015 at two pediatric level 1 trauma centers to study very young children's developmental outcomes after injury. We used Ages & Stages-3 and Ages & Stages: Social-Emotional screening tools to measure children's development at pre-injury and 3 and 12 months post-injury. The cohort included 123 children with TBI categorized as mild (n = 48), complicated-mild or moderate (n = 54), and severe (n = 21) and 45 children with OI. Generalized linear models examined effects of injury severity and age at injury controlling for pre-injury ratings. Children with mild or complicated-mild/moderate TBI generally remained on developmental track. Compared to OI, children with severe TBI tended to have a negative developmental trajectory with decrements in communication (-7.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.7, -0.48), gross motor (-15.2; 95% CI, -21.1, -9.19), problem solving (-11.6; 95% CI, -17.9, -5.29), personal-social (-16.8; 95% CI, -22.8, -10.8), and...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 8, 2019·Current Opinion in Pediatrics·Ian C Coulter, Rob J Forsyth
Sep 3, 2019·Frontiers in Neurology·Helen M GenovaJean Lengenfelder
Nov 7, 2019·Current Opinion in Pediatrics·Ian C Coulter, Rob J Forsyth
Feb 11, 2020·Frontiers in Neurology·J Bryce OrtizJonathan Lifshitz
Feb 5, 2021·Brain Injury : [BI]·Kelly M JonesValery L Feigin
May 6, 2019·Experimental Neurology·Naomi S Sta MariaChristopher C Giza
Apr 2, 2021·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·Mark Sen Liang GohShu-Ling Chong

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Brain Injury & Trauma

brain injury after impact to the head is due to both immediate mechanical effects and delayed responses of neural tissues.