Losses as ecological guides: minor losses lead to maximization and not to avoidance

Cognition
Eldad YechiamGuy Hochman

Abstract

Losses are commonly thought to result in a neuropsychological avoidance response. We suggest that losses also provide ecological guidance by increasing focus on the task at hand, and that this effect may override the avoidance response. This prediction was tested in a series of studies. In Study 1a we found that minor losses did not lead to an avoidance response. Instead, they guided participants to make advantageous choices (in terms of expected value) and to avoid disadvantageous choices. Moreover, losses were associated with less switching between options after the first block of exploration. In Study 1b we found that this effect was not simply a by-product of the increase in visual contrast with losses. In Study 1c we found that the effect of losses did not emerge when alternatives did not differ in their expected value but only in their risk level. In Study 2 we investigated the autonomic arousal dynamics associated with this behavioral pattern via pupillometric responses. The results showed increased pupil diameter following losses compared to gains. However, this increase was not associated with a tendency to avoid losses, but rather with a tendency to select more advantageously. These findings suggest that attention and...Continue Reading

References

Dec 17, 2003·Perception & Psychophysics·Steven L Franconeri, Daniel J Simons
Mar 9, 2004·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·Eric Granholm, Stuart R Steinhauer
Nov 23, 2007·Psychological Science·Fieke HarinckPaul Mersmann
Mar 18, 2009·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Peter Sokol-HessnerElizabeth A Phelps
Jul 6, 2012·Cognition·Tomás LejarragaCleotilde Gonzalez
Jan 22, 2013·Cognitive Psychology·Eldad Yechiam, Guy Hochman
Dec 21, 2013·Psychological Science·Eldad Yechiam, Guy Hochman
Oct 29, 2014·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review·Eldad YechiamEli Arditi

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Citations

Nov 1, 2016·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review·Tomás Lejarraga, Ralph Hertwig
Jul 22, 2018·Nature Communications·Kesong HuAdam K Anderson
Apr 18, 2018·Psychological Research·Eldad Yechiam
Apr 1, 2021·Cognition & Emotion·Sumitava Mukherjee, Narayanan Srinivasan

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