PMID: 9444340Jan 28, 1998Paper

Low-frequency sonophoresis: pathologic and thermal effects in dogs

Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
A J SingerS A McClain

Abstract

Low-frequency sonophoresis has recently been shown to significantly facilitate transdermal permeability of various substances (e.g., insulin) in animal models, thus eliminating the need to inject such agents. Prior to human trials, the authors studied the safety profile of low-frequency sonophoresis in dogs by evaluating microscopic and temperature changes in the skin after sonophoresis. An evaluator-blinded canine study of sonophoresis using different energy intensities and probe diameters was performed. Low-frequency ultrasound was applied for 60 seconds to the clipped abdominal skin of 3 anesthetized adult mongrel dogs using a sonicator operating at a frequency of 20 KHz with a maximal energy output of 400 W. The sonicator was immersed in normal saline, and intensities of 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% were applied during 600 msec of every second (pulsed mode). Three probes, 1-cm cylindrical, 5-cm cylindrical, and 10-cm disc-shaped, were evaluated. Each experimental condition was performed twice. Subcutaneous temperatures were measured by temperature probe before and after sonophoresis. At 30 minutes post-sonophoresis, full-thickness skin biopsies were taken for blinded histopathologic evaluation. Minimal urticarial reactions we...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 17, 2004·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews·Samir Mitragotri, Joseph Kost
Aug 15, 2002·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·L Machet, A Boucaud
Dec 3, 1998·Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine·A J SingerH C Thode
Dec 2, 2010·Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery·Baris E PolatRobert Langer
May 23, 2003·Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences·Gustavo MerinoRichard H Guy
Jan 18, 2008·Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences·Heather A E Benson, Sarika Namjoshi
Mar 10, 2012·Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology·Farzaneh AhmadiGail ter-Haar
May 18, 2010·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Annabel MaruaniLaurent Machet
Oct 20, 2009·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Annabel MaruaniAlain Boucaud
Jun 10, 2009·The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology·Rekha Rao, Sanju Nanda
Nov 27, 2015·Pharmaceutical Development and Technology·Kevin Ita
Aug 25, 1999·Annals of Emergency Medicine·J E Hollander, A J Singer
Dec 17, 2011·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Anushree HerwadkarAjay K Banga
Dec 30, 2014·European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Für Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V·Tao Han, Diganta Bhusan Das
Jul 13, 2016·Pharmaceutical Research·Himanshu KathuriaLifeng Kang
Nov 22, 2005·Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery·Yannic B SchuetzYogeshvar N Kalia
Feb 13, 2019·Current Pharmaceutical Design·Saloni DaftardarAmit K Tiwari
Mar 3, 2018·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology·Sabine Szunerits, Rabah Boukherroub
Jun 6, 2021·Biosensors & Bioelectronics·Nur Farrahain Nadia AhmadYew Hoong Wong

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