Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods

PeerJ
Eric SnivelyJohn R Cotton

Abstract

Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs had large preserved leg muscle attachments and low rotational inertia relative to their body mass, indicating that they could turn more quickly than other large theropods. To compare turning capability in theropods, we regressed agility estimates against body mass, incorporating superellipse-based modeled mass, centers of mass, and rotational inertia (mass moment of inertia). Muscle force relative to body mass is a direct correlate of agility in humans, and torque gives potential angular acceleration. Agility scores therefore include rotational inertia values divided by proxies for (1) muscle force (ilium area and estimates of m. caudofemoralis longus cross-section), and (2) musculoskeletal torque. Phylogenetic ANCOVA (phylANCOVA) allow assessment of differences in agility between tyrannosaurids and non-tyrannosaurid theropods (accounting for both ontogeny and phylogeny). We applied conditional error probabilities a(p) to stringently test the null hypothesis of equal agility. Tyrannosaurids consistently have agility index magnitudes twice those of allosauroids and some other theropods of equivalent mass, turning the body with both legs planted or pivoting over a stance leg. PhylANCOVA demonstrates defini...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 23, 2020·The Anatomical Record : Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology·Matthew McKeownSven C Vogel
Sep 2, 2020·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Nicolás E Campione, David C Evans
Feb 18, 2021·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Sarah BroydeKarl T Bates
Feb 16, 2021·The Anatomical Record : Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology·Andre J Rowe, Eric Snively

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
dissections

Software Mentioned

R script
Adobe Photoshop
JMP
R package { caper
phylANCOVA
R package { evomap
PlotDigitizer
R
R package { phytools
ImageJ

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