Major compounds of red ginseng oil attenuate Aβ25-35 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway

Food & Function
Seonah LeeMira Jun

Abstract

β-Amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with complex mechanisms. Thus, a multi-target approach might be suitable for AD treatment. Following our previous study on the neuroprotective effects of red ginseng oil extract, its major compounds, including linoleic acid (LA), β-sitosterol (BS), and stigmasterol (SS), were examined to elucidate the mechanism of anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation in Aβ25-35-stimulated PC12 cells. The results showed that the three compounds mitigated Aβ25-35 toxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptotic responses, and pro-inflammatory mediators. LA and SS strongly regulated intrinsic apoptosis markers, such as mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspases-9, -3, and -8. However, BS blocked only the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, particularly by suppressing Ca2+ accumulation. Furthermore, all three compounds downregulated iNOS and phospho-nuclear factor-κB, but only LA and SS inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and phospho-IκB. In assays to evaluate MAPK expression for confirming upstream signal pathways, BS decreased the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, but not JNK, while SS markedly decreased the phosphorylatio...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 23, 2019·The American Journal of Chinese Medicine·Hei-Jen HuangHsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
Jun 27, 2020·The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology·Hyun Jong KimJoo Hyun Nam
Jan 16, 2020·Molecular Medicine Reports·Xiaopeng Wang, Jing Zhao
Dec 13, 2019·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM·Qiang ZengZhengzhi Wu
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Mar 20, 2021·Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society·Menizibeya O Welcome, Nikos E Mastorakis
Aug 2, 2021·Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology·Dongli LiShuhuan Fang

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
flow cytometry
fluorescence microscopy
Fluorescence

Software Mentioned

SAS

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