Mammalian microRNAs: a small world for fine-tuning gene expression

Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society
Cinzia SevignaniC M Croce

Abstract

The basis of eukaryotic complexity is an intricate genetic architecture where parallel systems are involved in tuning gene expression, via RNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and DNA-protein interactions. In higher organisms, about 97% of the transcriptional output is represented by noncoding RNA (ncRNA) encompassing not only rRNA, tRNA, introns, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, transposable elements, and intergenic regions, but also a large, rapidly emerging family named microRNAs. MicroRNAs are short 20-22-nucleotide RNA molecules that have been shown to regulate the expression of other genes in a variety of eukaryotic systems. MicroRNAs are formed from larger transcripts that fold to produce hairpin structures and serve as substrates for the cytoplasmic Dicer, a member of the RNase III enzyme family. A recent analysis of the genomic location of human microRNA genes suggested that 50% of microRNA genes are located in cancer-associated genomic regions or in fragile sites. This review focuses on the possible implications of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation in mammalian diseases, with particular focus on cancer. We argue that developing mouse models for deleted and/or overexpressed microRNAs will be of invaluable inte...Continue Reading

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
chips
flow cytometry
antisense oligonucleotides
SMA
transgenic

Software Mentioned

RNAcalibrate
miRanda
MiRscan
DianaMicroT
mirnaviewer
RNAeffective
TargetScan
RNAhybrid

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