PMID: 15373993Sep 18, 2004Paper

Management of advanced or refractory heart failure

Revista española de cardiología
María G Crespo Leiro, María J Paniagua Martín

Abstract

Advanced heart failure, also be defined as stage D heart failure, characterized by advanced structural heart disease and marked symptoms of heart failure at rest despite dietary modification, salt restriction and maximal medical therapy including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, digitalics, diuretics and beta blockers. These patients require frequent hospitalizations and specialized interventions such as heart transplantation, implantation of mechanical assistance devices, continuous intravenous inotropic therapy to palliate symptoms, or continued terminal care.

References

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Citations

Dec 14, 2011·Advances in Urology·Ricardo Miyaoka, Sandro C Esteves
Aug 29, 2007·Heart Failure Clinics·Manuel Prinz von BayernMario C Deng
Dec 30, 2016·ASAIO Journal : a Peer-reviewed Journal of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs·Alberto AlisedaClaudius Mahr
May 20, 2006·Revista española de cardiología·Juan F Delgado
Feb 10, 2007·Revista española de cardiología·Guillermo ReyesJuan Duarte

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