Management of brainstem cavernous malformations.

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
Tarek Y El AhmadiehH Huntington Batjer

Abstract

The risk of hemorrhage from brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) ranges between 2.33 % and 4.1 % per patient-year across natural history studies and between 2.68 % and 6.8 % per patient-year across surgical series. The recurrent hemorrhage rate from BSCMs ranges between 5 % and 60 % per patient-year. Asymptomatic BSCMs tend to have a benign course, whereas symptomatic lesions often have a more aggressive course and carry an increasing risk of hemorrhage with subsequent bleeds. Hemorrhagic presentation, female gender, family history, and associating venous anomalies have been correlated with an increased risk of hemorrhage from BSCMs. MRI is the diagnostic imaging method of choice for the detection of CMs. Preoperative T1-weighted MRI can help assess the proximity of the lesion to the pial or ependymal surface of the brainstem and is thus essential to operative planning. Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences can detect inflammatory activity and perilesional gliosis and may therefore correlate with an increased biological activity in the CM. This might help predict the aggressiveness of these lesions and their clinical activity. Due to the potential risks of surgery, conservative management with close follow-...Continue Reading

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