Measuring exposure of e-waste dismantlers in Dhaka Bangladesh to organophosphate esters and halogenated flame retardants using silicone wristbands and T-shirts

The Science of the Total Environment
Yan WangMiriam L Diamond

Abstract

Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS) wristbands and cotton T-shirts were used to assess the exposure of e-waste recyclers in Dhaka, Bangladesh to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DPs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). The median surface-normalized uptake rates of PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs were 170, 8.5, 4.8, and 270 ng/dm2/h for wristbands and 5.4, 2.0, 0.94, and 23 ng/dm2/h for T-shirts, respectively. Concentrations of Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP), Bis(2-ethlyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and Dechlorane plus (DPs) in wristbands were significantly correlated with those in T-shirts. Wristbands accumulated ~7 times more mass than T-shirts, especially of compounds expected to be mainly in the gas phase. We introduce the silicone "sandwich" method to approximate the easily releasable fraction (ERF) from T-shirts, hypothesized to be related to dermal exposure. ERFs varied from 6 to 75% of total chemical accumulated by T-shirts and were significantly negatively correlated with compounds' octanol-air partition coefficient (log Koa). The median daily exposure doses via...Continue Reading

Citations

Aug 31, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mazhar Iqbal ZafarMuhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
Feb 25, 2021·Environmental Science & Technology·Jeremy P KoelmelKrystal J Godri Pollitt
May 7, 2021·Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology·Steven G O'ConnellMarc I Epstein
Jul 25, 2021·Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology·Laila HamzaiPenelope J Quintana
Nov 17, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Linh V NguyenMiriam L Diamond

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