Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a very prevalent, multisystemic, chronic metabolic disorder closely related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. It is characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction and the presence of oxidative stress. Metformin is one of the safest and most effective anti-hyperglycaemic agents currently employed as first-line oral therapy for T2D. It has demonstrated additional beneficial effects, unrelated to its hypoglycaemic action, on weight loss and several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and metabolic diseases, including thyroid diseases. Despite the vast clinical experience gained over several decades of use, the mechanism of action of metformin is still not fully understood. This review provides an overview of the existing literature concerning the beneficial mitochondrial and vascular effects of metformin, which it exerts by diminishing oxidative stress and reducing leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Specifically, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in metformin's effect on gluconeogenesis, its capacity to interfere with major metabolic pathways (AMPK and mTORC1), its action on mitochondria and its antioxidant effects. We also discuss potential targets for therapeutic int...Continue Reading
Citations
Sep 10, 2020·Pharmaceuticals·Teresa SalvatoreFerdinando Carlo Sasso
Dec 19, 2020·Journal of Drug Targeting·Faezeh Almasi, Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
Dec 29, 2020·International Journal of Nanomedicine·Xin NieJinming Zhang
Feb 10, 2021·Antioxidants & Redox Signaling·Aranzazu M de MarañónVictor M Victor
May 11, 2021·Acta Pharmacologica Sinica·Xu-Xia LiHuang-Tian Yang
Jun 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Pascual SanzMarina P Sánchez
Jun 25, 2021·Frontiers in Immunology·Xiaojun FengJianping Weng
Jul 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Isabella PanfoliDavide Maggi
Jul 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Christine HanselDiana Klein
Jul 1, 2021·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation·D SarnobatA I Tarasov
Jul 9, 2021·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Meng ZhaoYing Sun
Jul 15, 2021·Neurotoxicity Research·Vanessa SovraniAndré Quincozes-Santos
Jul 27, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Dan LiMin Wu
Aug 2, 2021·Bioorganic Chemistry·Jinxiang HuangYanping Hong
Aug 28, 2021·Cells·Pasquale MoneGaetano Santulli
Aug 29, 2021·Pharmaceuticals·Marco CarliMarco Scarselli
Aug 15, 2021·Cardiovascular Research·Gianluigi SavareseStefan D Anker
Oct 7, 2021·Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling·Zihong WuMasoud Najafi
Dec 5, 2021·Diabetes Care·Shanjie WangBo Yu