Mechanistic studies on protopanaxadiol, Rh2, and ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract induced cytotoxicity in intestinal Caco-2 cells

Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology
David G Popovich, David D Kitts

Abstract

Certain ginsenosides, also known as triterpene glycosides, have been recently reported to have a characteristic effect on cultured intestinal and leukemia cell growth. Ginsenoside aglycones 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT), and ginsenoside Rh2 have been identified as having a strong effect on reducing cell viability. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rh2 is thought to be a rare ginsenoside not found in all ginseng products. Rather, Rh2 has been recently reported to be a breakdown product of thermal processing of North American ginseng. In this study, pure ginsenosides PD, PT, Rh2 standards and an enriched Rh2 fraction derived from ginseng leaf were tested in cultured Caco-2 cells for relative cytotoxic potency. PD and Rh2 LC50 were similar after 24 to 72 h, whereas a drop in PT LC50 occurred later at 48 and 72 h. Furthermore, PD and Rh2 affected membrane integrity as indicated by LDH secretion earlier than PT and the enriched Rh2 fraction (P < or = 0.05). Ginsenoside Rh2 showed the greatest (P < or = 0.05) build up of necrotic cells (18.3 +/- 0.1%) at the respective LC50 after 24 h and PD (21.3 +/- 0.3%) showed the largest effect after 44 h of exposure. The effect on apoptotic cells at 44 h of treatment were signi...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Feb 25, 2010·Cancer Prevention Research·Yu JinLorne J Hofseth
Dec 5, 2006·Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin·Bo-Hye KimSoon-Cheol Ahn
Jul 30, 2011·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM·Chia-Rou YeoDavid G Popovich
Dec 11, 2007·Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology·David D KittsChun Hu
Jul 16, 2010·Analytical Sciences : the International Journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry·Meihua HanXiangtao Wang
Feb 22, 2012·Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy·Yanfei LuoXing Tang
Jun 16, 2009·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Yi GuYang Sai
Oct 11, 2011·Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology·Ji-Hae YoonSeong-Gene Lee
Feb 24, 2015·Journal of Pharmacological Sciences·Zhiyu ZhangChun-Su Yuan
Sep 27, 2014·Biotechnology Letters·Xue YangGuangtong Chen
Apr 8, 2006·The Journal of Urology·Xiaowei XieEmma S Guns
May 28, 2020·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Longyun ZhangHongwei Si
Jul 9, 2010·Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems·Y GuY-W Jia
Feb 22, 2014·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Jing-Rong WangZhi-Hong Jiang

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