Mental models and omissive causation

Memory & Cognition
Sangeet S KhemlaniPaul Bello

Abstract

Some causal relations refer to causation by commission (e.g., "A gunshot causes death"), and others refer to causation by omission (e.g., "Not breathing causes death"). We describe a theory of the representation of omissive causation based on the assumption that people mentally simulate sets of possibilities-mental models-that represent causes, enabling conditions, and preventions (Goldvarg & Johnson-Laird, 2001). The theory holds that omissive causes, enabling conditions, and preventions each refer to distinct sets of possibilities. For any such causal relation, reasoners typically simulate one initial possibility, but they are able to consider alternative possibilities through deliberation. These alternative possibilities allow them to deliberate over finer-grained distinctions when reasoning about causes and effects. Hence, reasoners should be able to distinguish between omissive causes and omissive enabling conditions. Four experiments corroborated the predictions of the theory. We describe them and contrast the results with the predictions of alternative accounts of causal representation and inference.

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Citations

Aug 20, 2020·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience·Laura Jane KellyP N Johnson-Laird
Jan 9, 2021·Cognitive Science·Paul HenneFelipe De Brigard
Feb 23, 2021·Frontiers in Psychology·Sangeet KhemlaniChristina Wasylyshyn
Aug 5, 2020·Acta Psychologica·Joanna Korman, Sangeet Khemlani
Dec 15, 2020·Cognition·David RoseShaun Nichols
Jul 25, 2021·Cognition·Tobias Gerstenberg, Simon Stephan

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