Menthol, a unique urinary volatile compound, is associated with chronic inflammation in interstitial cystitis.

Scientific Reports
Muhammad ShahidJayoung Kim

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is a potential systemic risk factor for many bladder dysfunctions, including interstitial cystitis (IC). However, the underlying mechanism through which a healthy bladder protects itself from inflammatory triggers remains unknown. In this study, we identified odor compounds in urine obtained from IC patients and healthy controls. Using comprehensive solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-TOF-MS) profiling and bioinformatics, we found that levels of urinary volatile metabolites, such as menthol, were significantly reduced in IC patients, compared to healthy controls. In an attempt to understand the mechanistic meaning of our volatile metabolites data and the role of menthol in the immune system, we performed two independent experiments: (a) cytokine profiling, and (b) DNA microarray. Our findings suggest that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory events, such as the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and the activation of NF-κB and associated proteins within a large signaling network (e.g., Akt, TLR1, TNFAIP3, and NF-κB), are suppressed by the presence of menthol. These findings broaden our knowledge o...Continue Reading

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
GSE98933
ST000603

Methods Mentioned

BETA
Profiler
urine collection
Protein Assay
metabolomics profiling

Software Mentioned

analysis
MetAligh
MetAlignID
DAVID
imageJ
R Studio
MZmine
TagFinder
LECO
Metabolomics Workbench

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