Mercury Exposure and Poor Nutritional Status Reduce Response to Six Expanded Program on Immunization Vaccines in Children: An Observational Cohort Study of Communities Affected by Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Lauren WyattWilliam Pan

Abstract

Background: Poor nutritional status combined with mercury exposure can generate adverse child health outcomes. Diet is a mediator of mercury exposure and evidence suggests that nutritional status modifies aspects of mercury toxicity. However, health impacts beyond the nervous system are poorly understood. This study evaluates antibody responses to six vaccines from the expanded program on immunization (EPI), including hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria in children with variable hair mercury and malnutrition indicators. Methods: An observational cohort study (n = 98) was conducted in native and non-native communities in Madre de Dios, Peru, a region with elevated mercury exposure from artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Adaptive immune responses in young (3⁻48 months) and older children (4⁻8 year olds) were evaluated by vaccine type (live attenuated, protein subunits, toxoids) to account for differences in response by antigen, and measured by total IgG concentration and antibody (IgG) concentrations of each EPI vaccine. Mercury was measured from hair samples and malnutrition determined using anthropometry and hemoglobin levels in blood. Generalized linear mixed models were ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 31, 2020·Annals of Global Health·Axel J BerkyWilliam K Pan
Feb 11, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Hermínio CossaMirko S Winkler

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
atomic absorption spectrometry
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ELISA

Software Mentioned

R
R for Statistical
R package zscorer

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