Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra-Chlorella symbiosis

ELife
Mayuko HamadaThomas C G Bosch

Abstract

Many multicellular organisms rely on symbiotic associations for support of metabolic activity, protection, or energy. Understanding the mechanisms involved in controlling such interactions remains a major challenge. In an unbiased approach we identified key players that control the symbiosis between Hydra viridissima and its photosynthetic symbiont Chlorella sp. A99. We discovered significant up-regulation of Hydra genes encoding a phosphate transporter and glutamine synthetase suggesting regulated nutrition supply between host and symbionts. Interestingly, supplementing the medium with glutamine temporarily supports in vitro growth of the otherwise obligate symbiotic Chlorella, indicating loss of autonomy and dependence on the host. Genome sequencing of Chlorella sp. A99 revealed a large number of amino acid transporters and a degenerated nitrate assimilation pathway, presumably as consequence of the adaptation to the host environment. Our observations portray ancient symbiotic interactions as a codependent partnership in which exchange of nutrients appears to be the primary driving force.

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Citations

May 18, 2019·BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology·Thomas C G BoschMargaret McFall-Ngai
Jun 1, 2019·Integrative and Comparative Biology·Virginia M Weis
Jun 5, 2019·Nature Protocols·Alexander KlimovichThomas C G Bosch
Jun 18, 2020·MSystems·Jai A Denton, Chaitanya S Gokhale
Sep 10, 2020·G3 : Genes - Genomes - Genetics·Mayuko HamadaKonstantin Khalturin
Mar 11, 2021·Periodontology 2000·Heidi Goodrich-Blair
Jul 29, 2021·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Thomas C G Bosch
Dec 20, 2018·Journal of Innate Immunity·Daniela EsserFelix Sommer

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
GPL23280
GSE97633
PRJNA412448

Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
Feature Extraction

Software Mentioned

Gene Ontology
AUGUSTUS
Feature Extraction
blast2go
blastn
BioEdit
BLAST
Bast2GO
Sym
HMMER

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