Metrics of the Aesthetically Perfect Breast

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Bishara Atiye, Fadel Chahine

Abstract

Breast surgery has long been viewed as an art more than a science. However, defining and objectively measuring the ideal breast morphology and aesthetic proportions are fundamental for surgical planning and to setting the goals of surgery as well as to evaluate surgical outcomes. Despite the fact that much has been written about aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery, there is still no real consensus about what the attributes are of an ideal breast. Moreover, there are in fact no objective standard measurement systems and guidelines to describe ideal or even normal breast shape. Though there is great variability in the perception of beauty among patients and surgeons alike due to many factors among which are age, sex, and sociocultural background, there is common agreement that beauty is a universal phenomenon that has a universal standard present across all civilizations and centuries, and that perceived beauty is enhanced and optimal aesthetics are achieved when proper measurements are made and anthropometric proportions as well as attractive harmonious ratios are respected. The current review is an attempt to summarize the most relevant information available trying to introduce some harmony in our perception of aestheti...Continue Reading

References

Sep 23, 1997·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Q QiaoY Ling
Jan 5, 2000·British Journal of Plastic Surgery·T P BrownT M Brotherston
Dec 21, 2002·BMJ : British Medical Journal·Martin Voracek, Maryanne L Fisher
Jun 7, 2003·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Daniel J HaubenDan Regev
Jul 2, 2003·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Henry C Hsia, J Grant Thomson
Jan 1, 1955·British Journal of Plastic Surgery·J PENN
Apr 3, 2004·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Garry S Brody
Jul 29, 2006·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Leif J Sigurdson, Susan A Kirkland
Oct 19, 2006·Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS·Peter A Adamson, Matthew B Zavod
Jan 30, 2007·Scandinavian Journal of Psychology·Viren Swami, Martin J Tovée
Dec 7, 2007·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·B S Atiyeh, S N Hayek
Apr 1, 2008·The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery = Journal Canadien De Chirurgie Plastique·Humayun Ayub Khan, Ardeshir Bayat
May 6, 2010·Aesthetic Surgery Journal·Dilek K AvşarOğuz Taşkinalp
Jun 3, 2010·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Elizabeth J Hall-Findlay
Oct 7, 2011·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Agnieszka M Zelazniewicz, Boguslaw Pawlowski
May 30, 2013·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Jose L Martin del YerroThomas M Biggs
Jun 29, 2013·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Benedetto LongoFabio Santanelli
Jul 16, 2013·European Journal of Plastic Surgery·Fabio Fantozzi
Apr 3, 2014·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Peter Niclas BroerJames Grant Thomson
Jul 26, 2014·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S AtiyehNazareth J Papazian
Feb 11, 2015·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Edoardo RaposioCarlo Chiorri
Mar 24, 2015·Archives of Plastic Surgery·Kun HwangSe Won Hwang
Sep 24, 2015·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Jiqiao YangQing Lv
Aug 9, 2016·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Richard LewinGennaro Selvaggi
Jul 27, 2017·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Maryann E Martinovic, Nadia P Blanchet
Sep 30, 2017·International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance·Saeed Pahlevan Sharif
Oct 27, 2017·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·José Maria Serra-MestreJosé Maria Serra-Renom

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

May 30, 2020·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Javier MontonRicardo Insausti
Oct 9, 2019·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Mohammad M Al-QattanAbdulah Al-Qahtani
Jul 15, 2020·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·R Ivar van Heijningen
Aug 3, 2020·Journal of Medical Systems·Javier MontonJoaquin Jordan
Nov 19, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Christel J M de BlokMartin den Heijer
Jan 15, 2021·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S Atiyeh, Fadl Chahine
Jan 21, 2021·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S AtiyehNatasha Habr
Oct 17, 2020·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S Atiyeh, Fadl Chahine
Apr 13, 2021·Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery·Muhammad Izzuddin HamzanNur Nadia Ismail
May 15, 2021·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Andrea SistiPayam Sadeghi
May 14, 2021·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S Atiyeh, Fadl Chahine
May 14, 2021·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Bishara S Atiyeh, Fadl Chahine
May 19, 2021·Aesthetic Surgery Journal·Urmila SampathkumarFatima A Merchant
Dec 4, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Gustavo Augusto Matos Saliba, José Carlos Ribeiro Resende Alves

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.