Missing female patients: an observational analysis of sex ratio among outpatients in a referral tertiary care public hospital in India

BMJ Open
Mudit KapoorRandeep Guleria

Abstract

To investigate gender discrimination in access to healthcare and its relationship with the patient's age and distance from the healthcare facility. An observational study based on outpatient data from a large referral public hospital in Delhi, India. Confirmed clinical appointments. Estimates from the logistic regression are used to compute sex ratios (male/female) of patient visits with respect to distance from the hospital and age. Missing female patients for each state-a measure of the extent of gender discrimination-is computed as the difference in the actual number of female patients who came from each state and the number of female patients that should have visited the hospital had male and female patients come in the same proportion as the sex ratio of the overall population from the 2011 census. Of 2377028 outpatient visits, excluding obstetrics and gynaecology patients, the overall sex ratio was 1.69 male to one female visit. Sex ratios, adjusted for age and hospital department, increased with distance. The ratio was 1.41 for Delhi, where the facility is located; 1.70 for Haryana, an adjoining state; 1.98 for Uttar Pradesh, a state further away; and 2.37 for Bihar, the state furthest from Delhi. The sex ratios had a U-...Continue Reading

Citations

Jan 8, 2020·Hematology·Parvez AhmedRaheel Iftikhar
Sep 25, 2020·PloS One·Susana MondscheinNatalia Yankovic
Aug 10, 2019·BMJ : British Medical Journal·Elisabeth Mahase
Jun 20, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Hypertension·Upendra KaulWillem J Verberk
Feb 23, 2020·The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing·Karl KruppElena Bastida
Jul 31, 2021·BMC Public Health·Biplab K DattaDeliana Kostova
Aug 17, 2021·Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science·Irene Y ChenMarzyeh Ghassemi
Jun 12, 2021·International Journal of Stroke : Official Journal of the International Stroke Society·Stephanie P JonesMaree L Hackett

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