Mixture genotoxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, acrylamide, and maleic hydrazide on human Caco-2 cells assessed with comet assay

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a
Kristian SybergJette Rank

Abstract

Assessment of genotoxic properties of chemicals is mainly conducted only for single chemicals, without taking mixture genotoxic effects into consideration. The current study assessed mixture effects of the three known genotoxic chemicals, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), acrylamide (AA), and maleic hydrazide (MH), in an experiment with a fixed ratio design setup. The genotoxic effects were assessed with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) for both single chemicals and the ternary mixture. The concentration ranges used were 0-1.4, 0-20, and 0-37.7 mM for 2,4-D, AA, and MH, respectively. Mixture toxicity was tested with a fixed ratio design at a 10:23:77% ratio for 2.4-D:AA:MH. Results indicated that the three chemicals yielded a synergistic mixture effect. It is not clear which mechanisms are responsible for this interaction. A few possible interactions are discussed, but further investigations including in vivo studies are needed to clarify how important these more-than-additive effects are for risk assessment.

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Citations

Feb 24, 2018·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a·Seulah LeeJaewon Lee
Apr 26, 2019·Biomarkers : Biochemical Indicators of Exposure, Response, and Susceptibility to Chemicals·Akin CayirHayal Cobanoglu
Jun 3, 2020·International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition·Michael GleiWiebke Schlörmann
Aug 10, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Karen MagnoliCarla Lorena Barberis
Apr 30, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Eslem Amaç, Recep Liman

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
electrophoresis
fluorescence microscopy

Software Mentioned

GraphPad Prism
Kinetic Imaging

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