Monitoring Antimicrobial Drug Usage in Animals: Methods and Applications

Microbiology Spectrum
Nicole WernerLothar Kreienbrock

Abstract

Monitoring antimicrobial drug usage in animals at the national and international levels is important for identification and tracking if and how often quantities are used. This information can be used for many purposes, including raising awareness, comparing use patterns across countries, identifying trends over time, integrating with antimicrobial resistance data, conducting risk assessment, and evaluating the effectiveness of measures to manage antimicrobial usage. The goal of this article is to describe how monitoring systems for antimicrobial drug usage in animals are set up and conducted, using examples from specific countries as well as international efforts. Several key figures and variables are used to describe and evaluate antimicrobial consumption in animals, including the amount in kilograms of active ingredient, standardized units (e.g., number of defined daily dose animals, DDDAs) and number of treatments (e.g., number of used daily doses, UDDA). Data can be collected from a variety of sources including pharmaceutical sales, pharmacy dispensing, veterinary prescriptions, and farm records. In many countries, data analysis and reporting at the national level provide statistics on overall quantities used in animals, in...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 22, 2019·Veterinary Medicine and Science·Roswitha Merle, Borris Meyer-Kühling
Oct 28, 2019·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Stephanie A BraultPaul S Morley
Dec 24, 2019·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Agnès Waret-SzkutaDidier Raboisson
Nov 5, 2019·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Stephanie A BraultPaul S Morley
Mar 30, 2021·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Jacob A NarbonneSimon J G Otto
Dec 24, 2021·The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy·Ece Bulut, Renata Ivanek

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