Morphology and ontogeny of Lophopus crystallinus lophophore support the epistome as ancestral character of phylactolaemate bryozoans

Zoomorphology
Thomas F Schwaha

Abstract

Phylactolaemate bryozoans are the sister-group to all remaining bryozoan taxa. Consequently, their study is essential to reveal and analyze ancestral traits of Phylactolaemata and Bryozoa in general. They are the only bryozoans to possess an epistome which traditionally has been regarded as shared with phoronids and brachiopods. Contrary to older observations, an epistome was recently reported to be missing in the early branching phylactolaemate Lophopus crystallinus. In this study, the ontogeny of the lophophoral base and also its three-dimensional structure in adult specimens was reinvestigated to assess whether an epistome is never formed during ontogeny and absent in adult specimens. The results show that organogenesis during the budding process in this species is similar to other, previously investigated, species. The epistome anlage in L. crystallinus forms in early buds from the outer budding layer which penetrates the two shanks of the u-shaped gut. This ingression of the epithelium further proceeds distally and starts to wrap over the forming ganglion. The adult epistome is a rather short, but present bulge above the cerebral ganglion with prominent muscle bundles traversing its cavity. Distally it is arched by the for...Continue Reading

References

Dec 19, 2007·Journal of Morphology·Alexander Gruhl, Thomas Bartolomaeus
Dec 25, 2008·Journal of Morphology·Alexander GruhlThomas Bartolomaeus
Dec 1, 2011·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Andrea WaeschenbachD T J Littlewood

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Citations

Feb 8, 2020·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Thomas F SchwahaAndreas Wanninger
Jun 30, 2019·Journal of Morphology·Natalia Shunatova, Yuta Tamberg

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