mTOR: Driving apoptosis and autophagy for neurocardiac complications of diabetes mellitus

World Journal of Diabetes
Kenneth Maiese

Abstract

The World Health Organization estimates that diabetes mellitus (DM) will become the seventh leading cause of death during the next two decades. DM affects approximately 350 million individuals worldwide and additional millions that remain undiagnosed are estimated to suffer from the complications of DM. Although the complications of DM can be seen throughout the body, the nervous, cardiac, and vascular systems can be significantly affected and lead to disorders that include cognitive loss, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiac failure, and endothelial stem cell impairment. At the cellular level, oxidative stress is a significant determinant of cell fate during DM and leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and autophagy. Multiple strategies are being developed to combat the complications of DM, but it is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) that is gaining interest in drug development circles especially for protective therapies that involve cytokines and growth factors such as erythropoietin. The pathways of mTOR linked to mTOR complex 1, mTOR complex 2, AMP activated protein kinase, and the hamartin (tuberous sclerosis 1)/tuberin (tuberous sclerosis 2) complex can ultimately influence neur...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 5, 2016·Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism·Ali I Al-GareebSammar M Suliaman
Jul 15, 2015·Analytical Cellular Pathology (Amsterdam)·Kenneth Maiese
Jun 13, 2015·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·Kenneth Maiese
Oct 16, 2015·British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·Kenneth Maiese
May 29, 2019·Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology·Changling SunBingxue Xie
Apr 15, 2018·Toxicology Letters·David BächingerArianne Monge Naldi

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