Multi-Timescale Drowsiness Characterization Based on a Video of a Driver's Face

Sensors
Quentin MassozMarc Van Droogenbroeck

Abstract

Drowsiness is a major cause of fatal accidents, in particular in transportation. It is therefore crucial to develop automatic, real-time drowsiness characterization systems designed to issue accurate and timely warnings of drowsiness to the driver. In practice, the least intrusive, physiology-based approach is to remotely monitor, via cameras, facial expressions indicative of drowsiness such as slow and long eye closures. Since the system's decisions are based upon facial expressions in a given time window, there exists a trade-off between accuracy (best achieved with long windows, i.e., at long timescales) and responsiveness (best achieved with short windows, i.e., at short timescales). To deal with this trade-off, we develop a multi-timescale drowsiness characterization system composed of four binary drowsiness classifiers operating at four distinct timescales (5 s, 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s) and trained jointly. We introduce a multi-timescale ground truth of drowsiness, based on the reaction times (RTs) performed during standard Psychomotor Vigilance Tasks (PVTs), that strategically enables our system to characterize drowsiness with diverse trade-offs between accuracy and responsiveness. We evaluated our system on 29 subjects via...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1990·The International Journal of Neuroscience·T Akerstedt, M Gillberg
May 1, 1996·Psychophysiology·J A Horne, L A Reyner
May 22, 2010·Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition·Ralph GrossSimon Baker
Dec 14, 2011·Journal of Sleep Research·Lars MichaelRuth Becker
Oct 5, 2015·Accident; Analysis and Prevention·Xuesong Wang, Chuan Xu
Jan 19, 2016·Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing·José VicenteRaquel Bailón
Feb 4, 2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Clémentine FrançoisJacques G Verly
Nov 12, 2017·Accident; Analysis and Prevention·Yulan LiangCharles A Czeisler

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Citations

Jul 25, 2019·Sensors·Whui KimHyun Kyun Choi
Dec 7, 2019·Sensors·Felipe Jiménez
Oct 30, 2020·Sensors·Michal BoreckiMichael L Korwin-Pawlowski
Feb 24, 2021·Physiological Measurement·Martin HultmanChrister Ahlström
Aug 29, 2021·Sensors·Anaïs HalinMarc Van Droogenbroeck
Mar 4, 2020·Journal of Imaging·Younes Ed-DoughmiYoussef Hbali

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Software Mentioned

OpenCV
RMSProp
dlib
LIBLINEAR
PERCLOS
VGGNet
Adam

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