Multifocal optical systems and pupil dynamics in birds

The Journal of Experimental Biology
Olle E LindRonald H H Kröger

Abstract

In animal eyes of the camera type longitudinal chromatic aberration causes defocus that is particularly severe in species with short depth of focus. In a variety of vertebrates, multifocal optical systems compensate for longitudinal chromatic aberration by concentric zones of different refractive powers. Since a constricting circular pupil blocks peripheral zones, eyes with multifocal optical systems often have slit pupils that allow light to pass through all zones, irrespective of the state of pupil constriction. Birds have circular pupils and were therefore assumed to have monofocal optical systems. We examined the eyes of 45 species (12 orders) of bird using videorefractometry, and the results are surprising: 29 species (10 orders) have multifocal systems, and only five species (five orders) have monofocal systems. The results from 11 species (four orders) are inconclusive. We propose that pupils 'switching' between being fully opened (multifocal principle) to maximally closed (pinhole principle) can make multifocal optical systems useful for animals with circular pupils. Previous results indicate that mice have both multifocal optical systems and switching pupils. Our results suggest that parrots may use a similar mechanism...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 3, 2008·Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology·Ronald H H KrögerEric J Warrant
Feb 12, 2013·BMC Evolutionary Biology·Anders Ödeen, Olle Håstad
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Nov 3, 2009·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Olle Lind, Almut Kelber
Sep 13, 2014·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Doris GomezClaire Doutrelant

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