Multiple functions of non-hypophysiotropic gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in vertebrates

Zoological Letters
Chie Umatani, Yoshitaka Oka

Abstract

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypophysiotropic hormone that is generally thought to be important for reproduction. This hormone is produced by hypothalamic GnRH neurons and stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins. On the other hand, vertebrates also have non-hypophysiotropic GnRH peptides, which are produced by extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons. They are mainly located in the terminal nerve, midbrain tegmentum, trigeminal nerve, and spinal cord (sympathetic preganglionic nerves). In vertebrates, there are typically three gnrh paralogues (gnrh1, gnrh2, gnrh3). GnRH-expression in the non-hypophysiotropic neurons (gnrh1 or gnrh3 in the terminal nerve and the trigeminal nerve, gnrh2 in the midbrain tegmentum) occurs from the early developmental stages. Recent studies have suggested that non-hypophysiotropic GnRH neurons play various functional roles. Here, we summarize their anatomical/physiological properties and discuss their possible functions, focusing on studies in vertebrates. GnRH neurons in the terminal nerve show different spontaneous firing properties during the developmental stages. These neurons in adulthood show regular pacemaker firing, and it has been suggested that these neurons show neuromodulatory func...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 23, 2020·Open Biology·Guillaume Poncelet, Sebastian M Shimeld
Feb 10, 2021·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Satoshi OgawaIshwar S Parhar
Oct 13, 2020·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology·Hsien-Ming WuPeter C K Leung
Feb 8, 2020·General and Comparative Endocrinology·José A Muñoz-CuetoYonathan Zohar
Mar 19, 2020·General and Comparative Endocrinology·Cunming Duan, John Allard
Mar 13, 2021·General and Comparative Endocrinology·Pengxin JiangWeiqun Lu

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
gene knockouts
transgenic

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