Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

NMR in Biomedicine
G NavonY Seo

Abstract

In ordered systems, where the molecular motion is anisotropic, quadrupolar and dipolar interactions are not averaged to zero. In such cases, double quantum (DQ) coherences can be formed. This review deals mainly with the effect of anisotropic motion of water molecules and sodium ions in intact biological tissues on (2)H, (1)H and (23)Na NMR spectroscopy and its application to NMR imaging (MRI). Double quantum filtered (DQF) spectra of water molecules and sodium ions were detected in a variety of ordered biological tissues. In collagen-containing tissues such as ligaments, tendons, cartilage, skin, blood vessels and nerves, the DQ coherences are formed as a result of the interaction with the collagen fibers. In red blood cells and presumably also in nerve axons it stems from the interaction with the cytoskeleton. For (23)Na, an I = 3/2 nucleus, the DQ coherences can also be formed in isotropic media. By a judicial choice of the pulse angle in the DQ pulse sequence only the DQ coherences arising from anisotropic motion are detected. For I = 1 nuclei such as 2H, DQF spectra can be observed only in ordered structures. Thus, the observation of 2H DQF spectra is an indication of order. The same is true for pairs of equivalent 1H nucl...Continue Reading

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