Nanomechanics of Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Vesiculation Pathways

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Raya SorkinGijs J L Wuite

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-cell communication as well as potential disease biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. However, the mechanical properties of these vesicles are largely unknown, and processes leading to microvesicle-shedding from the plasma membrane are not well understood. Here an in depth atomic force microscopy force spectroscopy study of the mechanical properties of natural EVs is presented. It is found that several natural vesicles of different origin have a different composition of lipids and proteins, but similar mechanical properties. However, vesicles generated by red blood cells (RBC) at different temperatures/incubation times are different mechanically. Quantifying the lipid content of EVs reveals that their stiffness decreases with the increase in their protein/lipid ratio. Further, by maintaining RBC at "extreme" nonphysiological conditions, the cells are pushed to utilize different vesicle generation pathways. It is found that RBCs can generate protein-rich soft vesicles, possibly driven by protein aggregation, and low membrane-protein content stiff vesicles, likely driven by cytoskeleton-induced buckling. Since similar cortical cytoskeleton to that of the RB...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 26, 2020·Frontiers in Oncology·L G RikkertL W M M Terstappen
Aug 28, 2020·Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences·Daan VorselenGijs J L Wuite
Nov 26, 2020·Journal of Liposome Research·Chandra Has
Jan 19, 2020·Biophysical Journal·Raya SorkinGijs J L Wuite
Jan 29, 2021·International Journal of Nanomedicine·Zala JanVeronika Kralj-Iglič
Jun 1, 2021·Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis·Vassilis L TzounakasMarianna H Antonelou
Jun 18, 2021·Nature Protocols·Guillermo Bordanaba-FloritJuan M Falcón-Pérez
Jul 28, 2021·Toxicology Letters·Larissa Magalhães AlvarengaMarcel Ivan Ramírez
Aug 7, 2021·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews·Peiwen FuZhimin Tao
Jul 8, 2020·Analytical Chemistry·Andrea RidolfiFrancesco Valle
Oct 7, 2021·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Andrea RidolfiMarco Brucale
Feb 8, 2022·The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·Hyeonjin ParkJoshua A Jackman

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