Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs

Critical Reviews in Toxicology
Sandra V PirelaPhilip Demokritou

Abstract

Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called "toner-based printing equipment" (TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they contain several engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that improve toner performance. It has been shown that during consumer use (printing), these ENM are released in the air, together with other semi-volatile organic nanoparticles, and newly formed gaseous co-pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The aim of this review is to detail and analyze physico-chemical and morphological (PCM), as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from TPE. The review covers evolution of science since the early 2000, when this printing technology first became a subject of public interest, as well as the lagging regulatory framework around it. Important studies that have significantly changed our understanding of these exposures are also highlighted. The review continues with a critical appraisal of the most up-to-date cellular, animal and human toxicological evidence on the potential adverse human health effects of PM emitted from TPE. We highlight several limitations of existing studies, including (i) use of high and often unrealisti...Continue Reading

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Apr 13, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mingxing SuQiang Wang
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Jan 23, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Magdiel I SetyawatiKee Woei Ng

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