Neither Lys- and DAP-type peptidoglycans stimulate mouse or human innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 2

PloS One
Marybeth LangerK Mark Coggeshall

Abstract

Peptidoglycan (PGN), a major component of bacterial cell walls, is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that causes innate immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines that escalate the host response during infection. In order to better understand the role of PGN in infection, we wanted to gain insight into the cellular receptor for PGN. Although the receptor was initially identified as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), this receptor has remained controversial and other PGN receptors have been reported. We produced PGN from live cultures of Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus and tested samples of PGN isolated during the purification process to determine at what point TLR2 activity was removed, if at all. Our results indicate that although live B. anthracis and S. aureus express abundant TLR2 ligands, highly-purified PGN from either bacterial source is not recognized by TLR2.

References

Jun 11, 1999·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·R SchwandnerC J Kirschning
Nov 9, 2000·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·O TakeuchiS Akira
Jun 22, 2001·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·M A CamposR T Gazzinelli
Jan 10, 2003·The New England Journal of Medicine·Richard S Hotchkiss, Irene E Karl
Jan 16, 2003·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Stephen E GirardinPhilippe J Sansonetti
Jun 3, 2004·Nature Reviews. Immunology·Seung-Yong Seong, Polly Matzinger
Feb 4, 2005·Nature·Kasper HoebeBruce Beutler
Sep 7, 2006·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Juliane Bubeck WardenburgDominique Missiakas
May 31, 2008·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Li-Chung HsuMichael Karin
May 8, 2009·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Shasad SharifJacob Schaefer
Mar 2, 2011·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Janaki K Iyer, K Mark Coggeshall
Apr 5, 2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Patrick SmithJeffrey V Ravetch
Jul 21, 2012·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Dawei SunK Mark Coggeshall
Nov 20, 2012·Frontiers in Immunology·Lilian O Moreira, Dario S Zamboni
Apr 25, 2014·Thrombosis Research·Florea LupuK Mark Coggeshall

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
flow cytometry
FCS

Software Mentioned

FlowJoLLC
GraphPad
GraphPad Prism
FlowJo

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Anthrax Vaccines

Three different types of anthrax vaccines are available; a live-attenuated, an alum-precipitated cell-free filtrate and a protein recombinant vaccine. The effectiveness between the three is uncertain, but the live-attenuated have shown to reduce the risk of anthrax with low adverse events. Here is the latest research on anthrax vaccines.

Anthrax

Anthrax toxin, comprising protective antigen, lethal factor, and oedema factor, is the major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, an agent that causes high mortality in humans and animals. Here is the latest research on Anthrax.

Bacterial Cell Wall Structure (ASM)

Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (also called murein), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids. Here is the latest research on bacterial cell wall structures.

ApoE, Lipids & Cholesterol

Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B (APOB)-containing lipoproteins (very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), immediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lipoprotein A (LPA)) and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio are all connected in diseases. Here is the latest research.

Anthrax Vaccines (ASM)

Three different types of anthrax vaccines are available; a live-attenuated, an alum-precipitated cell-free filtrate and a protein recombinant vaccine. The effectiveness between the three is uncertain, but the live-attenuated have shown to reduce the risk of anthrax with low adverse events. Here is the latest research on anthrax vaccines.

Bacterial Cell Wall Structure

Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (also called murein), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids. Here is the latest research on bacterial cell wall structures.

Related Papers

The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists
A YoshimuraD Golenbock
The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists
Osamu TakeuchiS Akira
The International Journal of Artificial Organs
Giampiero PietrocolaPietro Speziale
Canadian Respiratory Journal : Journal of the Canadian Thoracic Society
Hans-Peter HauberQutayba Hamid
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved